How will everything finish? Such citations are called author-centred citations. Begin with a link to the preceding paragraph. Romanticism Supernatural And University english essay Elements Ashley Davis Professor Carey ENGL Romanticism: Supernatural and Psychological Elements During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuri This can help build your confidence. If you leave it out, your readers will experience your essay as unfinished—or, worse, as pointless or insular. B Yet, in this essay, university english essay, many chocolate focused arguments have been presented, including the transient effect of chocolate on mood and evidence that it is as likely to create feelings of guilt as of well-being.
Ms Parrot: Essay Chef
View the video, then try the essay exercises to test your knowledge! Watch the whole story, or see sections of the story below. All the videos have captions that you can view on YouTube. View the video on the Chinese site youku. To view the individual chapters of the above video, you can either click the 'PLAYLIST' menu item in the above YouTube video and select the chapter from there, or, you can click one of the links below and view the individual video on YouTube. Download the transcript of the video or download the exercises in PDF format or as a Word document. Essays in different academic cultures Teachers' notes. Essays help you discover more about a topic and write a reasoned analysis of the issues in question, using a range of external sources to support your position.
The idea can then be developed in a number of ways, university english essay, such as through explanation, evaluation, exemplification or incorporation of research data. Your paragraphs should link together — use connective words, both within and between paragraphs, to keep a sense of cohesion and linkage. Writing a good essay can be compared to baking a cake—if you do not mix the right ingredients in the right quantities or order, and do not follow the required processes, then the end result will not be what you hoped for! There is no set model for an essay, but the English for Uni website presents one popular way to do it. The following example is based around a word discussion essay, university english essay. To read about essays in greater detail, download this PDF or Word document.
It is important for you to analyse your topic and title very carefully in order to understand the specific aim of the question. To do this, you need to break down the question. Most essay questions will contain these three elements:, university english essay. Directive or Instructional words tell you how to approach the essay. Look at these sample essay titles from A Economics and B Nutrition:. In example B, answering the question fully involves looking closely at the directive word Discuss and analysing university english essay exact meaning. Discuss: Present various points and consider the different sides.
A discussion is usually longer than university english essay explanation, as you need to present evidence and state which argument is more persuasive. You also need to consider the length of your essay. In a word essay you can cover more points than in a word one! This example is based on a word essay, university english essay. In relation to Limiting words, you need to consider what healthy university english essay actually means. A good way to expand your vocabulary is to look at the Academic Word List developed by Averil Coxhead at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. The uefap website also has very useful lists of words found in particular subjects, such as mathematics, business and health science.
There are a number of directive words, or instructional words as they are sometimes called, which tell you what to do in your essay. Some common directive words include:. Brainstorming means producing ideas related to a theme. You can write the ideas down in any order. Text description of the above image. Other boxes area then added. A brainstorm like this is organic; it does not necessarily stop growing. You can add, remove or reorganise it as you wish. If you like to put more system into your brainstorm, use a step-based model such as the following:, university english essay. Step 2 Look critically at your draft Which ideas could you develop or remove? Is there a balance of ideas? Step 3 Think about ordering Which issues might you tackle first in your essay and university english essay If so, when is the best time university english essay the essay to do this?
Step 5 Move Reflect upon your brainstorming. Once you are happy with your brainstorm you can use it to plan your essay. Finding what you want takes time and effort. is by using an academic database. If you are not sure how to use a database, then book an appointment with your subject librarian at your institution. Another option is to use an internet academic search engine such as Google Scholar. Make sure you are logged in to the library at your educational institution, so that you can use the full database capacities linked to Google Scholar. You need to enter keywords to begin with. For the chocolate essay, one of the first associations we thought of was chocolate and mood, university english essay.
If we enter these words into Google Scholar it will look like this:. The first two articles have been cited 90 times and times respectively, suggesting that they might be good sources for your essay. The links to the right indicate that you can access the articles through your university website. Read the abstract and ask yourself if the content of the article is likely to be relevant to your essay. a If yes, click university english essay the PDF. This will take you to the full article which you can then skim read quickly to decide if it is relevant. b If no, then you have a choice. Either click on the links to other related articles or go back to Google Scholar and then choose another article to skim read. When you have found what you think might be useful, make a note in your plan at the appropriate place.
Once you have brainstormed your ideas and university english essay some initial research, start putting them into a logical order as part of the essay planning process. Brainstorming helps you to see what you know about the topic. Researching will give you more depth. Brainstorming, researching and planning are cyclical, which means that each process helps the other processes and you might want to do each process university english essay than once. Here is the brainstorm for the chocolate essay again, which you can use to develop the planning process:. Read the text version of the brainstorming mind map. In the first instance, university english essay, it is important to distinguish between planning and a plan. Planning is an ongoing process, from when you receive the essay title to when you submit your final draft, university english essay.
University english essay plan is a physical outline of the way you intend university english essay conceptualise, structure and present your ideas, university english essay. At this point it is time university english essay write your first plan. However, do not stop doing research yet. Why not? Remember that a plan is just that—a plan. Introduction Context for paper — popularity of chocolate, university english essay. Issue — whether chocolate is a healthy food is questionable. Thesis — chocolate may be enjoyable but not healthy. Scope — only 4 aspects are covered here to keep the example short. Main body Paragraph 1 with possible sources Ways in which chocolate university english essay impact positively on mood.
Parker, Parker and Brotchie — chocolate mood effects do not last. Macht and Dettmer — anticipation effect and more studies needed. Sources needed to help answer these questions. Problems with measuring university english essay between chocolate consumption university english essay cardiovascular health, university english essay. Sources needed to help answer this. Paragraph 3 Chocolate best viewed as a food or a drug? Indulgence or addiction — are the boundaries unclear? See what external sources have to say on this Medication elements of chocolate? Readings needed around this issue. Paragraph 4 The correlation university english essay chocolate and obesity. Definition of obesity needed. What does the literature say in relation to other causal factors?
Conclusion Summary of four arguments presented. Chocolate is not a healthy food, but it is enjoyable nevertheless. Main body Paragraph 1 Ways in which chocolate can impact positively on mood. Parker, Parker and Brotchie chocolate mood effects do not last. Note the change of focus from the original idea correlation between chocolate consumption and cardiovascular health due to the lack of research data available. Medication elements of chocolate? Used in relation to magnesium deficiency in women Pennington, in Steinberg et al. Findings concur with Abraham and Lubran who found a correlation between magnesium deficiency and nervous tension in women. Note the narrow focus of medical benefits i. only considering magnesium due to the short length of the essay.
editing essays
Writing your introduction last means you are more likely to have a tighter fit between the introduction, main body and conclusion because you already know what your essay will be about. B ackground statement — where you set the context for your essay I ssue s — where you outline the specific issues that are relevant to your essay. T hesis — where you state your position in relation to the issues. S cope — where you outline what exactly is going to be covered in relation to your argument. The thesis and scope are sometimes combined to form one or more sentences known as a thesis statement.
The thesis statement often comes at the end of the introduction, although it can be written earlier. Sometimes, particularly in very short essays, the essay will begin with an issue rather than a background statement. Essays also sometimes begin with an issue, outline the scope and then move on to end the introduction with the thesis statement. Normally, when writing an essay at university you will be expected to use only academic sources. The following learning guide on source credibility will help you to determine whether an external source is academic or not.
The chocolate essay uses the American Psychological Association APA style of referencing, which is easy to distinguish from the Harvard Author-Date System, as the format is different:. When you are writing an essay and including external sources, more often than not you want the reader to focus on what is said rather than who is saying it. In that case the information comes before the author. For example:. When the focus is more on who is saying it then the citation is written like this:. Try and achieve a balance between both types of in text-references in your essay writing.
In the APA style of referencing, the reference list has certain conventions that you must also follow. Here are some examples from the chocolate essay:. Text description of the APA style of referencing example above. Include your in-text citations and reference list as part of your first draft. An excellent website to help with your APA referencing is the APA Interactive tool at Massey University. Leave yourself enough time to look at your essay more than once. For a word essay you need at least three days to redraft your essay.
Always save each draft as a separate file; then you can see how your essay develops and improves. View a text version of the redrafting your essay diagram above. You can also look at other checklists such as this one on editing your own work. View the text version of the redrafted essay. Since Spanish explorers brought back chocolate from the new world, chocolate consumption has become a worldwide phenomenon. At first, chocolate, a derivative of the cacao bean, was consumed as a drink, only later achieving mass popularity in tablet or bar form.
The realities of chocolate are more down to earth; a number of these realities will be addressed in this essay. Chocolate has chemical properties that can influence mood and there is possible evidence for some positive impacts of chocolate on cardiovascular health. Yet, such positive attributes are counterbalanced somewhat by the argument that, in some instances, chocolate can be viewed as a drug rather than a food. Moreover, there is the possibility of some correlation between over-consumption of chocolate and obesity. Imagine your essay as a kind of story. You are the principal storyteller, the internal voice of the writer, leading the reader through to your conclusion. During the story, there are different voices that appear from time to time.
These are the external voices citations that add substance to your story, providing detail and support for what you are saying and sometimes even giving an alternative perspective. The external voices can be divided into two categories in your essay: the direct external voice of an author through a direct quote and the indirect external voice of an author through a paraphrase. The reader needs to know at all times whose voice they are hearing. Is it your internal voice or the external voice of other authors? You might wonder how you can include your own voice and still sound academic when you are writing about a subject area in which you have little or no knowledge. The internal voice of the writer is colour-coded in yellow; the indirect external voices of other authors i.
paraphrases are coded in grey; and the direct external voices of other authors i. quotations are coded in blue. View a text version of the voice explanation above. This is a balanced paragraph. The writer sets the scene at the beginning of the topic sentence and also links together all of the sentences, using their own voice to lead into content which is provided by the external voices. View a text version of the above re-written paragraph. That is something your lecturers do not want to see. When you are drafting your paragraphs, use a colour-coding system like the one used here. It will help you ensure your academic voice is clear! When you get more confident in using external sources, you will gradually expand the language of your critical internal voice.
The Phrasebank website at Manchester University provides examples of some more expressions to use when assessing external sources. Editing focuses on the big picture elements such as overall structure, appropriate paragraphing and whether the question has been answered. Proofreading has a micro-focus on the details of your essay, such as formatting, grammar and punctuation. Everybody has their own personal style of editing and proofreading. Some people proofread alone; some get other people involved. Having others involved is a really good idea. View a text version of the above proofreading and editing your essay considerations. The Purdue OWL website has even more detail on the proofreading process.
Students regularly underestimate the time it takes to write an essay, in particular the planning and researching stages. Before you begin your essay, have a look at the Massey University assignment planning calculator. You might be surprised how long the whole process takes! As you can see from the assignment planning calculator, if you only start your essay a few days before the due date, you will have to do things too quickly. View a text description of the writing an essay time management 'cake'. Here is the final version of the chocolate essay. You can also download a PDF version of the chocolate essay. Moreover, Scholey and Owen in a systematic review of the literature in the field point to several studies, such as Macht and Dettmer and Macht and Mueller , which appear to confirm this effect.
Yet, as Parker, Parker and Brotchie , p. In addition, mood is something that is difficult to isolate and quantify, and aside from the study by Macht and Dettmer there appears to be little research on any longer term mood affecting influences of chocolate. Another possible positive influence of chocolate is upon cardiovascular health. The key to maximising the benefits of flavanols in chocolate appears to lie in the level of fats present. Cocoa, which is simply chocolate minus the fat, is the most obvious candidate for maximising heart health, but as Hannum, Schmitz and Keen note, most cocoa products are made through an alkali process which destroys many flavanols. The biological makeup of chocolate is also relevant in determining whether chocolate is better viewed as a food or a drug, but the boundaries between indulgence and addictive behaviour are unclear.
This is perhaps indicative of addictive or compulsive type behaviour. However, as Bruinsma and Taren note, eating chocolate can represent a sensory reward based, luxurious indulgence, based around texture, aroma and flavour anticipation, rather than a neurochemically induced craving. Yet, it has been argued that chocolate is sometimes used as a form of self-medication, particularly in relation to magnesium deficiency. This correlates with earlier studies by Abraham and Lubran , who found a high correlation between magnesium deficiency and nervous tension in women. Thus, tension-related chocolate cravings could be a biological entity fuelled by magnesium deficiency. Overall, however, it would appear that the proportion of people using chocolate as a drug rather than a food based sensory indulgence is small, though further research might prove enlightening.
A final point to consider in relation to chocolate is the perception that chocolate is linked to obesity. A person is defined as being obese when their Body Mass Index is greater than The literature on chocolate and obesity has clearly demonstrated that there are no specific correlations between the two variables Beckett, ; Lambert, This is typified by the findings of Mellor , who found that, over a period of eight weeks of eating 45 grams of chocolate per day, a group of adults demonstrated no significant weight increase. As Lambert notes, chocolate consumption alone is not likely to cause obesity, unless large amounts of other calorie dense foods are consumed and this calorie dense intake is greater than needed for bodily function, bearing in mind levels of activity.
Obesity and chocolate consumption seemingly have no proven correlations. Yet, in this essay, many chocolate focused arguments have been presented, including the transient effect of chocolate on mood and the fact that it is as likely to create feelings of guilt as of well-being. The literature outlines the chemical properties of chocolate which could help explain some addictive type behaviour, particularly in regards to nervous tension in women, but there is also a strong research focus on chocolate as a sensory-based indulgence. It can therefore be said that chocolate is not a healthy food, but can be enjoyed as part of a healthy and balanced diet and lifestyle. Word count: Check this with your lecturer if you are in any doubt.
Abraham, G. Serum and red cell magnesium levels in patients with premenstrual tension. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 34 11 , Ariefdjohan, M. Chocolate and cardiovascular health: Is it too good to be true? Nutrition Reviews , 63 12 , doi: Beckett, S. The science of chocolate. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. Bruinsma, K. Chocolate: Food or drug? Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 99 10 , Hannum, S. Chocolate: A heart-healthy food? Show me the science! Nutrition Today , 37 3 , Lambert, J.
Nutrition and health aspects of chocolate. Beckett Ed. London: Wiley Blackwell. Macht, M. Everyday mood and emotions after eating a chocolate bar or an apple. Appetite , 46 3 , Immediate effects of chocolate on experimentally induced mood states. Appetite , 49 3 , Macdiarmid, J. British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 34 1 , Mellor, D. The effects of polyphenol rich chocolate on cardiovascular risk and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus Doctoral dissertation, University of Hull, UK. Parker, G. Mood state effects of chocolate. Journal of Affective Disorders , 92 2 , Scholey, A. Effects of chocolate on cognitive function and mood: a systematic review. Nutrition reviews , 71 10 , Schramm, D. Chocolate procyanidins decrease the leukotriene-prostacyclin ratio in humans and human aortic endothelial cells.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 73 1 , A typical essay contains many different kinds of information, often located in specialized parts or sections. Even short essays perform several different operations: introducing the argument, analyzing data, raising counterarguments, concluding. Introductions and conclusions have fixed places, but other parts don't. Counterargument, for example, may appear within a paragraph, as a free-standing section, as part of the beginning, or before the ending. Background material historical context or biographical information, a summary of relevant theory or criticism, the definition of a key term often appears at the beginning of the essay, between the introduction and the first analytical section, but might also appear near the beginning of the specific section to which it's relevant.
It's helpful to think of the different essay sections as answering a series of questions your reader might ask when encountering your thesis. Readers should have questions. If they don't, your thesis is most likely simply an observation of fact, not an arguable claim. To answer the question you must examine your evidence, thus demonstrating the truth of your claim. This "what" or "demonstration" section comes early in the essay, often directly after the introduction. Since you're essentially reporting what you've observed, this is the part you might have most to say about when you first start writing.
But be forewarned: it shouldn't take up much more than a third often much less of your finished essay. If it does, the essay will lack balance and may read as mere summary or description. The corresponding question is "how": How does the thesis stand up to the challenge of a counterargument? How does the introduction of new material—a new way of looking at the evidence, another set of sources—affect the claims you're making? Typically, an essay will include at least one "how" section. Call it "complication" since you're responding to a reader's complicating questions. This section usually comes after the "what," but keep in mind that an essay may complicate its argument several times depending on its length, and that counterargument alone may appear just about anywhere in an essay.
This question addresses the larger implications of your thesis. It allows your readers to understand your essay within a larger context. In answering "why", your essay explains its own significance. Although you might gesture at this question in your introduction, the fullest answer to it properly belongs at your essay's end. If you leave it out, your readers will experience your essay as unfinished—or, worse, as pointless or insular. Every positive integer was one of his personal friends. As I sat there I began to recognise that this was one of the first times in my life I'd been aware of having a moral dilemma. Before, I'd done In , Victoria became the heiress presumptive and got to experience a series of royal progresses throughout the country.
At the age of 18, Victo William Shakespeare grew in his writing from when he wrote his first sonnet to his last. He wrote sonnets throughout his lifetime. In , Comedy could be criticised for a lack of seriousness but can also be praised for the lack of seriousness as it can sometimes emphasise bad actions In the 's the most extensively translated writers were Louis Bromfield, Pearl Buck, and Margaret Mitchell, but soon after , there was to be Romanticism is a literary movement that emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction against the dominance of French neoclassical culture. There is no end to the number of qualities which some people can associate with a given word or kind of word, and most of these vary with the ind Toggle navigation Uni Assignment.
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